本文作者Nate Cook是一位独立的Web及移动应用开发者,是继Mattt大神之后NSHipster的主要维护者,也是非常知名活跃的Swift博主,并且还是支持自动生成Swift在线文档的SwiftDoc.org网站创造者。在本文中,他介绍了在Swift中使用JavaScript的方法和技巧,对于iOS和Web应用工程师有着非常实用的价值,以下为译文:

在RedMonk发布的2015年1月编程语言排行榜中,Swift采纳率排名迅速飙升,从刚刚面世时的68位跃至22位,Objective-C仍然稳居TOP
10,而JavaScript则凭借着其在iOS平台上原生体验优势成为了年度最火热的编程语言。

而早在2013年苹果发布的OS X Mavericks和iOS 7两大系统中便均已加入了JavaScriptCore框架,能够让开发者轻松、快捷、安全地使用JavaScript语言编写应用。不论叫好叫骂,JavaScript霸主地位已成事实。开发者们趋之若鹜,JS工具资源层出不穷,用于OS
X和iOS系统等高速虚拟机也蓬勃发展起来。

JSContext/JSValue

JSContext即JavaScript代码的运行环境。一个Context就是一个JavaScript代码执行的环境,也叫作用域。当在浏览器中运行JavaScript代码时,JSContext就相当于一个窗口,能轻松执行创建变量、运算乃至定义函数等的JavaScript代码:

//Objective-C
JSContext *context = [[JSContext alloc] init];
[context evaluateScript:@"var num = 5 + 5"];
[context evaluateScript:@"var names = ['Grace', 'Ada', 'Margaret']"];
[context evaluateScript:@"var triple = function(value) { return value * 3 }"];
JSValue *tripleNum = [context evaluateScript:@"triple(num)"];
//Swift
let context = JSContext()
context.evaluateScript("var num = 5 + 5")
context.evaluateScript("var names = ['Grace', 'Ada', 'Margaret']")
context.evaluateScript("var triple = function(value) { return value * 3 }")
let tripleNum: JSValue = context.evaluateScript("triple(num)")

像JavaScript这类动态语言需要一个动态类型(Dynamic Type), 所以正如代码最后一行所示,JSContext里不同的值均封装在JSValue对象中,包括字符串、数值、数组、函数等,甚至还有Error以及null和undefined。

JSValue包含了一系列用于获取Underlying Value的方法,如下表所示:

JavaScript Type
JSValue method
Objective-C Type
Swift Type
string toString NSString String!
boolean toBool BOOL Bool
number toNumbertoDoubletoInt32

toUInt32

NSNumberdoubleint32_t

uint32_t

NSNumber!DoubleInt32

UInt32

Date toDate NSDate NSDate!
Array toArray NSArray [AnyObject]!
Object toDictionary NSDictionary [NSObject : AnyObject]!
Object toObjecttoObjectOfClass: custom type custom type

想要检索上述示例中的tripleNum值,只需使用相应的方法即可:

//Objective-C
NSLog(@"Tripled: %d", [tripleNum toInt32]);
// Tripled: 30
//Swift
println("Tripled: \(tripleNum.toInt32())")
// Tripled: 30

下标值(Subscripting Values)

通过在JSContext和JSValue实例中使用下标符号可以轻松获取上下文环境中已存在的值。其中,JSContext放入对象和数组的只能是字符串下标,而JSValue则可以是字符串或整数下标。

//Objective-C
JSValue *names = context[@"names"];
JSValue *initialName = names[0];
NSLog(@"The first name: %@", [initialName toString]);
// The first name: Grace
//Swift
let names = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("names")
let initialName = names.objectAtIndexedSubscript(0)
println("The first name: \(initialName.toString())")
// The first name: Grace

而Swift语言毕竟才诞生不久,所以并不能像Objective-C那样自如地运用下标符号,目前,Swift的方法仅能实现objectAtKeyedSubscript()和objectAtIndexedSubscript()等下标。

函数调用(Calling Functions)

我们可以将Foundation类作为参数,从Objective-C/Swift代码上直接调用封装在JSValue的JavaScript函数。这里,JavaScriptCore再次发挥了衔接作用。

//Objective-C
JSValue *tripleFunction = context[@"triple"];
JSValue *result = [tripleFunction callWithArguments:@[@5] ];
NSLog(@"Five tripled: %d", [result toInt32]);
//Swift
let tripleFunction = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("triple")
let result = tripleFunction.callWithArguments([5])
println("Five tripled: \(result.toInt32())")

异常处理(Exception Handling)

JSContext还有一个独门绝技,就是通过设定上下文环境中exceptionHandler的属性,可以检查和记录语法、类型以及出现的运行时错误。exceptionHandler是一个回调处理程序,主要接收JSContext的reference,进行异常情况处理。

//Objective-C
context.exceptionHandler = ^(JSContext *context, JSValue *exception) {
   NSLog(@"JS Error: %@", exception);
};
[context evaluateScript:@"function multiply(value1, value2) { return value1 * value2 "];
// JS Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected end of script
//Swift
context.exceptionHandler = { context, exception in
    println("JS Error: \(exception)")
}
context.evaluateScript("function multiply(value1, value2) { return value1 * value2 ")
// JS Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected end of script

JavaScript函数调用

了解了从JavaScript环境中获取不同值以及调用函数的方法,那么反过来,如何在JavaScript环境中获取Objective-C或者Swift定义的自定义对象和方法呢?要从JSContext中获取本地客户端代码,主要有两种途径,分别为Blocks和JSExport协议。

  • Blocks (块)

在JSContext中,如果Objective-C代码块赋值为一个标识符,JavaScriptCore就会自动将其封装在JavaScript函数中,因而在JavaScript上使用Foundation和Cocoa类就更方便些——这再次验证了JavaScriptCore强大的衔接作用。现在CFStringTransform也能在JavaScript上使用了,如下所示:

//Objective-C
context[@"simplifyString"] = ^(NSString *input) {
   NSMutableString *mutableString = [input mutableCopy];
   CFStringTransform((__bridge CFMutableStringRef)mutableString, NULL, kCFStringTransformToLatin, NO);
   CFStringTransform((__bridge CFMutableStringRef)mutableString, NULL, kCFStringTransformStripCombiningMarks, NO);
   return mutableString;
};
NSLog(@"%@", [context evaluateScript:@"simplifyString('안녕하새요!')"]);
//Swift
let simplifyString: @objc_block String -> String = { input in
    var mutableString = NSMutableString(string: input) as CFMutableStringRef
    CFStringTransform(mutableString, nil, kCFStringTransformToLatin, Boolean(0))
    CFStringTransform(mutableString, nil, kCFStringTransformStripCombiningMarks, Boolean(0))
    return mutableString
}
context.setObject(unsafeBitCast(simplifyString, AnyObject.self), forKeyedSubscript: "simplifyString")
println(context.evaluateScript("simplifyString('안녕하새요!')"))
// annyeonghasaeyo!

需要注意的是,Swift的speedbump只适用于Objective-C block,对Swift闭包无用。要在一个JSContext里使用闭包,有两个步骤:一是用@objc_block来声明,二是将Swift的knuckle-whitening unsafeBitCast()函数转换为 AnyObject。

  • 内存管理(Memory Management)

代码块可以捕获变量引用,而JSContext所有变量的强引用都保留在JSContext中,所以要注意避免循环强引用问题。另外,也不要在代码块中捕获JSContext或任何JSValues,建议使用[JSContext currentContext]来获取当前的Context对象,根据具体需求将值当做参数传入block中。

  • JSExport协议

借助JSExport协议也可以在JavaScript上使用自定义对象。在JSExport协议中声明的实例方法、类方法,不论属性,都能自动与JavaScrip交互。文章稍后将介绍具体的实践过程。

JavaScriptCore实践

我们可以通过一些例子更好地了解上述技巧的使用方法。先定义一个遵循JSExport子协议PersonJSExport的Person model,再用JavaScript在JSON中创建和填入实例。有整个JVM,还要NSJSONSerialization干什么?

  • PersonJSExports和Person

Person类执行的PersonJSExports协议具体规定了可用的JavaScript属性。,在创建时,类方法必不可少,因为JavaScriptCore并不适用于初始化转换,我们不能像对待原生的JavaScript类型那样使用var person = new Person()。

//Objective-C
// in Person.h -----------------
@class Person;
@protocol PersonJSExports <JSExport>
    @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *firstName;
    @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *lastName;
    @property NSInteger ageToday;
    - (NSString *)getFullName;
    // create and return a new Person instance with `firstName` and `lastName`
    + (instancetype)createWithFirstName:(NSString *)firstName lastName:(NSString *)lastName;
@end
@interface Person : NSObject <PersonJSExports>
    @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *firstName;
    @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *lastName;
    @property NSInteger ageToday;
@end
// in Person.m -----------------
@implementation Person
- (NSString *)getFullName {
    return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %@", self.firstName, self.lastName];
}
+ (instancetype) createWithFirstName:(NSString *)firstName lastName:(NSString *)lastName {
    Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
    person.firstName = firstName;
    person.lastName = lastName;
    return person;
}
@end
//Swift
// Custom protocol must be declared with `@objc`
@objc protocol PersonJSExports : JSExport {
    var firstName: String { get set }
    var lastName: String { get set }
    var birthYear: NSNumber? { get set }
    func getFullName() -> String
    /// create and return a new Person instance with `firstName` and `lastName`
    class func createWithFirstName(firstName: String, lastName: String) -> Person
}
// Custom class must inherit from `NSObject`
@objc class Person : NSObject, PersonJSExports {
    // properties must be declared as `dynamic`
    dynamic var firstName: String
    dynamic var lastName: String
    dynamic var birthYear: NSNumber?
    init(firstName: String, lastName: String) {
        self.firstName = firstName
        self.lastName = lastName
    }
    class func createWithFirstName(firstName: String, lastName: String) -> Person {
        return Person(firstName: firstName, lastName: lastName)
    }
    func getFullName() -> String {
        return "\(firstName) \(lastName)"
    }
}
  • 配置JSContext

创建Person类之后,需要先将其导出到JavaScript环境中去,同时还需导入Mustache JS库,以便对Person对象应用模板。

//Objective-C
// export Person class
context[@"Person"] = [Person class];
// load Mustache.js
NSString *mustacheJSString = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:... encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
[context evaluateScript:mustacheJSString];
//Swift
// export Person class
context.setObject(Person.self, forKeyedSubscript: "Person")
// load Mustache.js
if let mustacheJSString = String(contentsOfFile:..., encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding, error:nil) {
    context.evaluateScript(mustacheJSString)
}
  • JavaScript数据&处理

以下简单列出一个JSON范例,以及用JSON来创建新Person实例。

注意:JavaScriptCore实现了Objective-C/Swift的方法名和JavaScript代码交互。因为JavaScript没有命名好的参数,任何额外的参数名称都采取驼峰命名法(Camel-Case),并附加到函数名称上。在此示例中,Objective-C的方法createWithFirstName:lastName:在JavaScript中则变成了createWithFirstNameLastName()。

//JSON
[
    { "first": "Grace",     "last": "Hopper",   "year": 1906 },
    { "first": "Ada",       "last": "Lovelace", "year": 1815 },
    { "first": "Margaret",  "last": "Hamilton", "year": 1936 }
]
//JavaScript
var loadPeopleFromJSON = function(jsonString) {
    var data = JSON.parse(jsonString);
    var people = [];
    for (i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
        var person = Person.createWithFirstNameLastName(data[i].first, data[i].last);
        person.birthYear = data[i].year;
        people.push(person);
    }
    return people;
}
  • 动手一试

现在你只需加载JSON数据,并在JSContext中调用,将其解析到Person对象数组中,再用Mustache模板渲染即可:

//Objective-C
// get JSON string
NSString *peopleJSON = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:... encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
// get load function
JSValue *load = context[@"loadPeopleFromJSON"];
// call with JSON and convert to an NSArray
JSValue *loadResult = [load callWithArguments:@[peopleJSON]];
NSArray *people = [loadResult toArray];
// get rendering function and create template
JSValue *mustacheRender = context[@"Mustache"][@"render"];
NSString *template = @"{{getFullName}}, born {{birthYear}}";
// loop through people and render Person object as string
for (Person *person in people) {
   NSLog(@"%@", [mustacheRender callWithArguments:@[template, person]]);
}
// Output:
// Grace Hopper, born 1906
// Ada Lovelace, born 1815
// Margaret Hamilton, born 1936
//Swift
// get JSON string
if let peopleJSON = NSString(contentsOfFile:..., encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding, error: nil) {
    // get load function
    let load = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("loadPeopleFromJSON")
    // call with JSON and convert to an array of `Person`
    if let people = load.callWithArguments([peopleJSON]).toArray() as? [Person] {
        // get rendering function and create template
        let mustacheRender = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("Mustache").objectForKeyedSubscript("render")
        let template = "{{getFullName}}, born {{birthYear}}"
        // loop through people and render Person object as string
        for person in people {
            println(mustacheRender.callWithArguments([template, person]))
        }
    }
}
// Output:
// Grace Hopper, born 1906
// Ada Lovelace, born 1815
// Margaret Hamilton, born 1936
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